Theory of the Derive Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Theory of the Derive - Essay ExampleThus, it quotes from social and city observers about characteristics of arrive at, such as that of Chombart de Lauwe (1952),who described, an urban neighborhood is determined not whole by geographical and economic factors, but also by the image that its inhabitants and those of other neighborhoods confound of it, (Debord, 1952, P 5). It then provides the viewer the derive actor a thought, interpretation, or meanings. When it comes to disposition, many forms of derive may be obtained, and contrasting thoughts and impressions may be formed depending on where or what the viewer may go through. trance it is possible to describe a natural environment as untouched by humans, it no longer applies to being undisturbed. Human activities already altered a great deal of nature, touched and untouched. Indirectly, no stones have been left unturned, so to speak. However, this does not limit nor impede nature derive for one who remains optimistic. One see s many aspects of ocular representations line, shape, balance, form, symmetry, asymmetry, volume, color saturation, contrast and unity. In the exploration of line, some of natures products argon seen with straight, almost straight, and even curvy lines from tree trunks to leaf features. many are repetitive, forming symmetry and unity. If one goes deeper, one may inspect the bamboo trunk, with fibers of lines, thousands of them per stem. These can be separated and still form lines like the one seen on synthetic fabrics as is they were engineered to be such. Perhaps, they were engineered by higher forms to be such. Bamboos are structural materials, or even materials for fabrics as is. Bamboo Fiber. Source Wikipedia, 2011. When it comes to shapes, many representations are sky-inspired. in that location are the sun, moon and stars, with the moon forming several shapes in the span of a month. There are snowflakes, raindrops, even lightning. Mountains are often pyramidal, or triangular, imitated by human dwellings with their rooftops. There are oblong fishes, and billions of leaves with thousands of variations. Then there are rocks of varieties of spherical shapes, odd and common. The light that emanates from some of these rocks also inspire their own shapes say a diamond. We allow never get enough of floras balance and form. Perfect radiances of flower petals, a center with its attractive colors and forms, and shapes, or even volumes of stigma, anther, and filaments that have for thousands of years attracted many derive experiences. It is how they have occupied important roles in human interaction and survival. In fact, even in afterlife. Flowers represent to humans a lot of things, generally positive and celebratory. It melts anger, pain, and sorrow. It unites, welcomes, refreshes, cheers, consoles, applauds. Flowers have performed well and good to the human experience they continue providing derive experiences of immeasurable pleasure until now. Source http//f lowers-show.com/ But derive is not all about optimist impressions. As mentioned earlier, there are also negative aspects of natural environment derive experiences which had been influenced by human touch, whether nature liked it or not. Through greedy consumption, mindless disposal and major economic activities, nature in many aspects of its existence have been negatively unnatural by humans. Take for example the latest sea oil spill. Take a look at what volume may mean below (Source

Discussion Dynamic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion Dynamic - Essay ExampleThe management ha s three elements thus, strategic analysis, strategic excerpt stage and the strategic implementation stage. Strategic management focuses on the efficiency of the make-up with provisions of consistency, rationality, and flexibility (Spector, 2013).Motivation is influenced primarily by the disincentives and perceived incentives. This contributes to desirableness to implement an intervention. Motivation may be both organizational or individual based and narrows down to the implemented intervention. It includes anticipated outcome, collective expectations, and the pressure for pitch (Pathak, 2010).Capacity of an organization is attributed to maintaining an organizations functions such as effective leadership and sufficient staffing and connecting with the community. This includes current infrastructure, processes of the organization and culture of the organization. The capacity is linked to whether the organization is able to implemen t the interventions (ystein, 2009).The capacities needed to facilitate intervention include technical, fiscal conditions and the human. These are necessary for successful implementation of an intervention that has quality and future. Every current policy and practice has its skills and the required knowledge needed for quality implementation. Similarly, the organizations readiness for implementation of any program is expressed as R=MC2 (Lewis, 2011). The implication of this is that when one component nears zero, then it is a multiplicative relationship and it is assumed that the organization is not ready for the implementation of the

Personality Analysis Essay Example for Free

Personality Analysis EssayMost heap under(a)stand soulfulnessality as the image that spate display and toil to the outside world. However, disposition is more than this and includes even the psychological experience that is hidden inside us (Ewen, 2003). The word personality is a derivative of a Latin word-persona whos meaning is mask (Ewen, 2003). Personality analysis can therefore be referred to as the comprehensive investigation of all the aspects relating to personality. For many days flock have tried to explain behavior as soundly as what it is that makes a person. In an attempt to offer explanations, personality theories have been ripe some of which be the existential/ human-centered and dispositional theories. Just like many other theories, these personality theories are fallible and they cannot be proved. These theories have their similarities as well as their differences. Dispositional theories of personality try to explain personality using innate tendencies. These are the tendencies that individualists are born with and they can be hereditary or not.Dispositional theorists believe that genes play a big part in determining angiotensin converting enzymes personality. Words and phrases are mostly used to reflect this speculation (Weiten, 2010). For recitation when one says that someone is kind-hearted. These theories are also known as sign theories and distinction theorists assumption is that physique does not determine behavior but that the changeless personality traits are the ones that determine behavior. Personality traits are described as stable qualities that one displays in all the situations.These theories were advanced in reaction to a personality possibleness known as type personality theory which linked human physique to certain temperaments or personality characteristics. Several race are associated with the development of trait theories and examples include Gordon altogetherport, Lewis Goldberg, and Hans Eysenck bu t the person who originally introduced the trait theories was known as Carl Jung (Nicholas, 2008). Carl Jung is the one who introduced the idea of temperaments and his theory purported that one is both born an draw in or an extrovert and that this cannot be changed.Gordon Allport described personality as a combination of both mental and physical personality aspects (Nicholas, 2008). He described personality as a dynamic organisation meaning that the aspects of personality keep on changing throughout an individuals behaviortime in response to situations (Nicholas, 2008). These personality changes occur only to a certain degree and the personality remains relatively stable over time. Allports trait theory also portrays personality as naturally deterministic.This means that behavior, personality and thought are influenced and controlled by a mechanism that is inborn. In development of his theory, Allport reason all the words contained in the dictionary that describe personality tr aits into central traits, cardinal traits and secondary traits (Nicholas, 2008). The cardinal traits are those that dominate in the whole life of an individual. People who exhibit these traits are rare and peck tend to associate these people with these traits. Central traits on the other hand are less dictatorial compared to cardinal traits.They are the characteristics that constitute the foundation of an individuals personality and are commonly used by people to describe others. For instance when one says that someone else is intelligent they are describing those people using the central traits. The last personality characteristics are secondary traits. These are the traits that manifest depending on situation and are sometimes bear upond to preferences or attitudes (Ewen, 1998). Lewis Goldberg and Costa McCrae among others expanded the theory of Fiske D. and this led to development of the big five model.The personality traits attributed to this theory are classified under five categories. One is extraversion where some people are social and outgoing. The second one is conscientiousness where individuals display high levels of organization and thoughtfulness (Oliver, Robins Pervin, 2008). The ordinal is openness where individuals display insight and imagination. The fourth category is agreeableness where individuals are trustworthy, kind, and affectionate. The last one is neuroticism where individuals with this trait tend to be anxious, sad, moody and emotionally unstable (Oliver et al. , 2008). base on this theory, individuals who have traits such as extraversion and agreeableness will get along well with people while people with neuroticism traits will not get along with people. Hans Eysenck built on Jungs idea by approaching the idea of temperaments from a mathematical channelize of view. Since his theory is built on the work of Jung, then this theory also assumes that a part of personality is genetically determined. Jung said that though it was imp ossible for an introvert to change to an introvert, depending on the situation one can modify their behavior (Boeree, 2009).He created a test that was used to determine peoples traits. Based on his theory there are several personality characteristics. One of these is introversion and extraversion where extroverts are outgoing and introverts are reserved. The other personality trait is emotional stability/neuroticism where individuals with a high level of neuroticism exhibit nervousness and emotional instability (Boeree, 2009). The last personality trait is psychoticism where people find it hard to deal with the reality (Boeree, 2009). These personality traits determine how individuals interact with others.People who are extraverts tend to get along well with people as they are outgoing while introverts are not social and may be viewed as unfriendly. Another thing is that people with psychoticism do not relate well with people as they tend to be hostile and manipulative. Humanistic p ersonality theories approach to personality is phenomenological. This phenomenological approach focuses on the subjective experiences of individuals. The leading theorists associated with humanistic theories are Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.These theories are known as humanistic because their emphasis is on the unique characteristics of people. According to these theories, all people have an inborn tendency to bend self-actualised and that self actualization serves as the main force that drives behavior (Mitterer Coon, 2008). This self-actualisation is an ongoing process where one naturally grows towards fulfilling their potential. Humanistic theorists acknowledge the uniqueness of personalities as peoples perceptions of the world are unique to them. These perceptions are reflected in the delegacy people behave.According to these theorists, peoples perceptions are not determined by their personality traits, their reinforcement history, or their ego development (Mitterer Coon, 2008). They further say that by nature people are good. Carl Rogerss humanistic personality theory portrays personality as being composed of structural components. These components include self, self-regard, self-ideal, and self-concept (Mitterer Coon, 2008). Of these components, Rogers says that the main component is self and it consists of concepts, ideas, perceptions, and values that define an individual (Mitterer Coon, 2008).According to him, a persons behavior and perception of the world is influenced by their self-concept. In addition, he says that in addition to self-concept e really individual has an ideal self and that happiness and fulfilment are increased if the ideal self is closer to the self concept (Mitterer Coon, 2008). He further says that a phenomenal field is composed of both an individual and their world and that reaction to the world involves the individual as a whole and not merely parts of the individual (Mitterer Coon, 2008). Maslows humanistic personalit y theory is similar to that of Rogers.Maslow just like Rogers believed that individuals have a tendency to grow towards self-actualisation. In addition, just like Rogerss theory Maslows theory views individuals as beings whose approach to current issues and perceptions is subjective (Engler, 2008). According to Maslow there are several characteristics associated with people who have gained self-actualisation. One of these is awareness meaning that these people are very much aware of the meaningfulness of life and that due to this they are unremarkably constantly enjoying life.The other characteristic is that they are reality centered and this means that they are usually concerned with issues in their environment. Acceptance is the other characteristic and it means that these people accept their environment as well as what cannot be changed. Lastly these people exhibit a sense of humor that is not hostile meaning that they do not joke about others as they consider this offensive (En gler, 2008). All the above theories in one way or another attempt to give an explanation of human behavior. They all acknowledge that personality characteristics affect the way people behave in different situations.It is the differences in personalities that make people to react differently to the same situation. Each theory has a number of personality characteristics which are attributed to them and these determines how individuals interact with others so that some people tend to get along well with people while others do not. References Boeree, G. (2009). Trait theories of personality. Retrieved 1 May, 2010 from http//webspace. ship. edu/cgboer/genpsytraits. hypertext mark-up language Engler, B. (2008). Personality theories (8th ed. ). USA Cengage Learning. Ewen, R. B. (1998). Personality, a topical approach Theories, research, major controversies and emerging findings. New Jersey Lawrence Eribaum Associates, Inc. Ewen, R. B. (2003). An introduction to theories of personality.New Jersey Lawrence Eribaum Associates, Inc. Mitterer, J. O. Coon, D. (2008). Introduction to psychology Gateways to creative thinker and behavior (12th ed. ). Belmont, CA Wadsworth. Nicholas, L. (2008). Introduction to psychology (2nd ed. ). Cape Town UCT Press. Oliver, P. J. , Robins, R. W. , Pervin, L. A. (2008). Handbook of personality Theory and research. New York, NY Guilford Press. Weiten, W. (2010). Psychology Themes and variations (8th ed. ). Belmont, CA Wadsworth.

Benefits Of Family-Friendly Policies Essay Example for Free

Benefits Of Family-Friendly Policies EssayThe past few decades, families in Hong Kong faced in undergone major changes, intense pace of life and hard work always affected families features. How to balance family life and work have become a social policy, in order to establish a family-friendly community, have implemented various measures to help employees balance their work and family lives, promote family relationship. In this essay, first I will relieve these policies how to help with all aspects of employee, and then analysis of these measures on the employment benefit. Finally, pointed out that Hong Kong Government and the enterprises on how to implement these policies.Family-friendly employment may implement different policies to toy the needs of employees. Including the introduction of given family leave benefits, such as marriage leave, paternity leave, p bental leave, compassionate leave, special casual leave and special considerable leave, etcetera(GovHK, n.d.). Th is measure will be through the height of the works environment and working arrangements to facilitate employees in taking care of family needs, such as the five-day working week, flexible work time and family-based work, and so on. The other hand will get out support to families, including child care services, counselling services, child custody etc. A Research Report prepared by the Department of Applied Social Sciences of The Hong Kong Polytechnic University is named Family-Friendly Workplace noted that Most respondents agreed or strongly agreed with implementing family-friendly policies. (Poly U, 2002)Family-friendly policies can also bring much benefits to company. In a supportive working environment, staffs will feel they are valued and employer will boost the benefit. Firstly, employer can reduce staff turnover and retain potential employee. On the other hand, many people were convinced that employees working flexible hours were more fat than those working traditional hour s. This measure in addition to motivate employees, increase productivity, but also improved reputation and corporate image, therefore there are many large enterprises are involved in the implementation of these measures.In view of this, government and enterprises were organized a variety of measures and activities promoting family-friendly policies. The booklet prepared by the Labour Departments album Good people management Family-Friendly Employment Practices (labour.gov.hk, n.d.). Through a variety of good measures taken by the employer, may learn to provide for all instances. Research on Family-friendly Employment Policies and Practices in Hong Kong from The Equal Opportunities Commission (EOC) and the Womens Commission (WoC) (EOC 2006).They hope that through this survey, a better understanding in Hong Kong, companies or institutions can help employees balance their work and family roles provides programme needs. A Family-Friendly Employers Award Scheme 2011 was organised by the Family Council. The award scheme aims to give recognition to employers who hold importance to the spirit of family-friendliness (gov.hk, 2011). Through these activities, to undertake a study, to understand the profile of Hong Kong families, and building partnerships with Government, business and professional sectors, actively promote the industry cares familyIn this essay, I Have attempted to present suggest to implementation of family-friendly policies on families, or employers both have many favorable factors, together with the Hong Kong Government and the enterprises efforts, this measure would abide employers and employees there will be a win-win situation.

Great Gatsby Research Essay Essay Example for Free

slap-up Gatsby Research Essay EssayThe majority of what Fitzgerald writes in his stories be ab emerge the love for rich girls. In real life he has personally experienced falling for a wealthy girl, Zelda. In the book, The Great Gatsby, he writes about a boy who isnt rich that is in love with a girl named daisy, who is rich like Zelda. Gatsby later lost his love, Daisy, when he went to war, for Fitzgerald, he was rejected by Ginevra Kings father who said poor boys dont marry wealthy girls, which was said by Daisy in the book. He was asking for her hand in marriage. Then Fitzgerald got denied by Zelda Sayre. Daisy, the women jay Gatsby has been basing on his whole life on, is similar to Zelda Sayre who would not marry him at first since he was unsuccessful Fitzgerald lived in Great Neck, coarse Island, in which his first child was born. To Zelda, Fitzgerald was seen poor but he was really upper middle class, but Zeldas Standards were too high, like Daisy. Gatsby and Fitzgerald bo th met vital women to their lives at dances and both while they were stationed at army campsThey both had highly society connections and down falls such as Gatsby getting murdered in the pool by George Wilson, for love. Fitzgerald died of alcohol use when he was trying to become rich again. Gatsby made money by bootlegging while Fitzgerald made money by writing. Fitzgerald Scott was self-destructive because he would drink to much, due to being an alcoholic. He was real social but past later on in his life he became very rude and started to offend people, due to his alcoholism. Gatsby was always trying to make himself better, improving him self. He was very self-disciplined and an outsider.They were both faithful and dedicated to the ladies the fell in love with. F. Scotts wife, Zelda, was sent to a refuge in the last few eld of her life. He made sure to never allow him or their daughter that they had together for get about her. Being the dedicated man he was, he would go see her to visit at the asylum. In the book, many of the characters represents the people that Fitzgerald met in his life, including his own character that represents him. To add on to that, F. Scott Fitzgerald lived in Great Neck, Long Island after his first child was born.At the time, the Great Neck was home to many of the wealthiest people on Long Island. A scholar has proven that thither are many similarities between the Great Neck and the West Egg. In the movie version, Daisy tells Gatsby that Rich girls dont marry poor boys. This line was taken straight out of Fitzgeralds life. The father of his first love, a young woman by the name of Ginevra King, supposedly told him that after Fitzgerald asked for Ginevras hand in marriage. There are many early(a) similarities between F. Scott Fitzgerald and Jay Gatz (Gatsby)- keep your eyes out for themF. Scott and Gatsby were born in a middle class family. Both of their fathers started out very wealthy until they both failed with their transa ction when the crashed. They both came from an underprivileged family, in many cases, inclined a lot on both of their behaviors and goals. For school, both Gatsby and F. Scott were drop-outs from Universities and joined the army in 1917. There are a bunch of similarities between the two. The Author of the Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald Scott, based this story one his own life in almost every scene in the book.

Pipeline Hydraulics Design Basis Engineering Essay

Pipeline Hydraulics Design Basis Engineering EssayIt includes the organ pipe and lead characteristics of the transported fluid under specified operating conditions as established in the design basis. ampheta minuteeThe line of credit has to be laid for the distance of 770km between Portland and Montreal, the fluid in the pipe is Light Crude Oil.Velocity of melt in a pipeline is the average upper based on the pipe diameter and runniness be given rate. Its extract is first maltreat in the designing procedure of our project. The flow focal ratio can have both advantages and drawbacks. High velocities can cause turbulence, and the striking of the fluid on the walls of the pipe which will cause damage to the pipes and eventually erode away the pipe, while low velocity on the other hand can cause the attestation of particulates in the line and cleanliness of the fluid will be compromised. Therefore, to avoid these problemsliquid lines are normally sized to maintain a velocity su fficient to keep the full-blooded particles from depositing and likewise to prevent the erosion of the pipe. Under these considerations the recommended velocity is in the range of 3ft/s to 8ft/s.From this selected range of velocity we have to select a single velocity. The velocity we have selected for our line is 5ft/s. This is the intermediate velocity from the recommended range and all the further calculations will be d peerless(prenominal) on this velocity.Velocity SelectionThe range as mentioned above is taken as 3ft/s to 5ft/s. The next step is to select a single velocity from this range. We have selected 5ft/s for our line. The reason for this velocity selection is the trade-off between pipe diameter and number of marrow stations. According to continuity equivalence if we increase the velocity, the corresponding diameter will reduce provided the compel loss will increase receivable to which a higher number of pump stations are required. Similarly if we decrease the velo city, the number of pump stations will reduce but the diameter will increase for a given over flow rate. Since the pipeline is laid over a great distance, the pipeline cost holds the major share of the capital investment therefore increasing the diameter will adversely affect the economics of pipeline. This trade-off is seeable in the calculations shown in appendix A.The other reason for choosing this velocity is that if the flow rate fluctuates in the future for any reason the diameter selected from this intermediate velocity will be able to accommodate those variations without affecting our system.Diameter CalculationCalculation of the diameter is the core of the hydraulic designing.The diameter selected should be able to aid the stresses on the pipe, the capacity of the fluid and minimize the press losings.Under given flow rate and assumed velocities, we can matter the pipe diameter using continuity compareV=Q/AV Flow velocityQ Volume flow rateA Cross sectional areaThe fl ow rate is given as 109,000cask/day or 7.1ft3/s. The diameters are reckon at 3, 4, 5ft/s velocities and the respective diameters are 20.83, 18.04 and 16.14.Selection of DiameterAs mentioned above 5ft/s is selected as the recommended velocity and the corresponding inner diameter (ID) is 16.14in.Nominal Pipe SizeFor the internal diameter subsequently we have to calculate the nominal pipe size. To calculate the nominal diameter we refer to the Pipe Data provided for the Carbon Steel. From the table shown in appendix B, it is found out that consequent nominal pipe size will be 18in.Characteristics of FlowDifferent flow properties are figure to determine the regime of flow, losses in the pipes.The genius of the flow can be laminal or turbulent.There are two types of the losses. Major losses include the losses due to corrasion in on-key pipes and minor losses due to bends, valves, tees.To calculate these we will be dealing with Reynolds number (for nature of flow), dark-skinned di agram (for friction factor) and organize loss calculations.losingsAs the fluid flows thbumpy the pipe there is friction at the pipe wall and fluid interface in the straight portions of the pipe due to interference between the fluid and the walls of the pipe. This friction results in results in the loss of energy in the lineat the expense of liquid blackmail and the losses are cognize as the major losses.Pipe systems consist of components in addition to straight pipes. These include bends, valves, tees etc and add further to the losses in the line. These losses are termed as minor losses.Experimental data is used to calculate these losses as the theoretical prediction is complex.Major LossesThe pressure drop due to friction in a pipeline depends on the flow rate, pipe diameter, pipe rigor, liquid specific gravity, and viscosity. In addition, the frictional pressure drop depends on the Reynolds number (and thus the flow regime). Therefore, the fluid in the pipeline will undergo pressure losses as it runs in the line and reduce the operating pressure. This loss take to be recovered and to maintain the pressure pumps are installed at specific locations according to the requirement (pumps are discussed in Chapter a full stop). These pressure losses are calculated by using the Darcy-Weisbach formulaP = f(L/D)(V2/2)Where,f=Darcy friction factor, dimensionless, commonly a number between 0.008 and 0.10L=Pipe length, ftD=Pipe internal diameter, ftThe pressure loss for velocity of 5ft/s comes out to be 9625.15psi. All the relevant calculations are shown in appendix A. humble LossesReal pipeline systems mostly consist of more than straight pipes. The additional components (valves, tees and bends) add to the overall loss of the system. These are termed as minor losses. In case of very long pipes, these losses are usually insignificant incomparison to thefluid friction in the length considered. But in caseof curt pipes,these minor losses may actually be major losse s such as insuction pipe of a pumpwith strainer and foot valves.These losses represent additional energy dissipation in the flow, usually caused by secondary flows induced by curvature or recirculation.Minor loss in diverging flow is much larger than thatin converging flow. Minor lossesgenerally increase with an increase in the geometric distortion of the flow. Thoughminor losses are usually confined to a veryshort length of path, the effects maynotdisappear for a considerable distance downstream. Itis insignificant in case oflaminar flow.The pressure drop through valves and fittings is generallyexpressed in terms of the liquid kinetic energy V2/2g multiplied by a head loss coefficient K. Comparing this with the Darcy-Weisbach equation for head loss in a pipe, we can see the following analogy. For a straight pipe, the head loss h is V2/2g multiplied by the factor (fL/D). Thus, the head loss coefficient for a straight pipe is fL/D.Therefore, the pressure drop in a valve or fitting is calculated as followsh=K(V2)/2gWhere,h=headway loss due to valve or fitting, ftK=Head loss coefficient for the valve or fitting, dimensionlessV=Velocity of liquid through valve or fitting, ft/sg=Acceleration due to gravity, 32.2 ft/s2 in English unitsThe head loss coefficient K is, for a given flow geometry, considered practically constant at high Reynolds number. K increases with pipe rowdyism and with lower Reynolds numbers. In general the value of K is determined mainly by the flow geometry or by the shape of the pressureloss device.Minor loss is generally expressed in one ofthe two waysIn terms of minor loss factor K.In terms length, equivalent to acertain length of straight pipe, usuallyexpressed in terms of number of pipe diameter.The minor losses for our system are calculated and result in a very low value and can easily be neglected.Reynolds NumberFlow in a liquid pipeline may be reflect, laminar flow, also known as viscous or streamline flow. In this type of flow the liq uid flows in layers or laminations without causing eddies or turbulence. But as the velocity increases the flow changes from laminar to turbulent with eddies and turbulences. The important parameter used in classifying the type of flow in the pipe is called Reynolds Number.Reynolds number gives us the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces and is used to determine the nature of flow using the recommended velocity and the internal diameter. Reynolds number is given byRe = VD/Flow through pipes is classified into three main flow regimes and depending upon the Reynolds number, flow through pipes will fall in one of the following three flow regimes.1. Laminar flow R2. Critical flow R2000 and R3. riled flow R4000Friction factor outFriction Factor is a dimensionless number required to calculate the pressure losses in the pipe. Tests have shown that f is dependent upon Reynolds number and relative roughness of the pipe. Relative roughness is ratio of absolute pipe wall roughness to the pipe diameter D.For laminar flow, with Reynolds number Rf=64/RFor laminar flow the friction factor depends only on the Reynolds number and is independent of the internal condition of the pipe. Thus, regardless of whether the pipe is smooth or rough, the friction factor for laminar flow is a number that varies inversely with the Reynolds number.For turbulent flow, when the Reynolds number R4000, the friction factor f depends not only on R but also on the internal roughness of the pipe. As the pipe roughness increases, so does the friction factor. Therefore, smooth pipes have a smaller friction factor compared with rough pipes. More importantly, friction factor depends on the relative roughness (/D) rather than the absolute pipe roughness .In the turbulent region it can be calculated using either the Colebrook-White equation or the Moody Diagram.Colebrook-White EquationThe Colebrook equation is an implicit equation that combines experimental results of studies of turbulent flow in smooth and rough pipe The Colebrook equation is given as1/f = -2log((/3.7D)+(2.51/Ref))But the turbulent flow region (R4000) consists of three separate regionsTurbulent flow in smooth pipesTurbulent flow in fully rough pipesTransition flow between smooth and rough pipesFor turbulent flow in smooth pipes, pipe roughness has a negligible effect on the friction factor. Therefore, the friction factor in this region depends only on the Reynolds number as follows1/f = -2log(2.51/Ref)For turbulent flow in fully rough pipes, the friction factor f appears to be less dependent on the Reynolds number as the latter increases in magnitude. It depends only on the pipe roughness and diameter. It can be calculated from the following equation1/f = -2log((/3.7D)For the transition region between turbulent flow in smooth pipes and turbulent flow in fully rough pipes, the friction factor f is calculated using the Colebrook-White equation given above1/f = -2log((/3.7D)+(2.51/Ref))Moody DiagramThe Colebr ook equation is an implicit equation and requires trial and error method to calculate f.To provide the ease for calculating f scientists and researchers developed a graphical method known as Moody diagram.The Moody chart or Moody diagramis a graph that relates the friction factor, Reynolds number and relative roughness for fully developed flow in a circular pipe.In the diagram friction factor is plotted verses Reynolds number. The curves are plotted using the experimental data. The Moody diagram represents the complete friction factor social function for laminar and all turbulent regions of pipe flows.To use the Moody diagram for determining the friction factor f we first calculate the Reynolds number R for the flow. Next, we find the location on the horizontal axis of Reynolds number for the value of R and draw a vertical line that intersects with the appropriate relative roughness (e/D) curve. From this point of intersection on the (e/D) curve, we read the value of the friction f actor f on the vertical axis on the left.Other Pressure dangle RelationsHazen-Williams EquationThe Hazen-Williams equation is commonly used in the design of waterdistribution lines and in the calculation of frictional pressure drop inrefined petroleum products such as gasoline and diesel. This methodinvolves the use of the Hazen-Williams C-factor instead of pipe roughnessor liquid viscosity. The pressure drop calculation using the Hazen-Williams equation takes into account flow rate, pipe diameter, and specificgravity as followsh=4.73L(Q/C)1.852/D4.87Where,h=Head loss due to friction, ftL=Pipe length, ftD=Pipe internal diameter, ftQ=Flow rate, ft3/sC=Hazen-Williams coefficient or C-factor, dimensionlessIn customary pipeline units, the Hazen-Williams equation can berewritten as follows in English unitsQ=0.1482(C)(D)2.63 (Pm/Sg)0.54Where,Q=Flow rate, bbl/dayD=Pipe internal diameter, in.Pm=frictional pressure drop, psi/mileSg=Liquid specific gravityAnother form of Hazen-Williams equat ion, when the flow rate is in gal/ min and head loss is measured in feet of liquid per thousand feet of pipe is as followsGPM=6.7547-10-3(C)(D)2.63(HL)0.54Where,GPM=Flow rate, gal/minHL=Friction loss, ft of liquid per 1000 ft of pipeIn SI units, the Hazen-Williams equation is as followsQ=9.0379-10-8(C)(D)2.63(Pkm/Sg)0.54Where,Q=Flow rate, m3/hrD=Pipe internal diameter, mmPkm=Frictional pressure drop, kPa/kmSg=Liquid specific gravityShell-MIT EquationThe Shell-MIT equation, sometimes called the MIT equation, is used in the calculation of pressure drop in heavy crude petroleum and heated liquid pipelines. Using this method, a modified Reynolds number Rm iscalculated first from the Reynolds number as followsR=92.24(Q)/(D)Rm=R/(7742)Where,R=Reynolds number, dimensionlessRm=Modified Reynolds number, dimensionlessQ=Flow rate, bbl/dayD=Pipe internal diameter, in.=Kinematic viscosity, cStThan depending on the flow (laminar or turbulent), the friction factor is calculated from one of the fol lowing equationsf=0.00207/Rm (laminar flow)f=0.0018+0.00662(1/Rm)0.355 (turbulent flow)Finally, the pressure drop due to friction is calculated using theequationPm=0.241(f SgQ2)/D5Where,Pm=Frictional pressure drop, psi/milef=Friction factor, dimensionlessSg=Liquid specific gravityQ=Flow rate, bbl/dayD=Pipe internal diameter, in.In SI units the MIT equation is expressed as followsPm=6.2191-1010(f SgQ2)/D5Where,Pm=Frictional pressure drop, kPa/kmf=Friction factor, dimensionlessSg=Liquid specific gravityQ=Flow rate, m3/hrD=Pipe internal diameter, mm

Isolation And Identification Of Enterococcus Faecium Biology Essay

Isolation And Identification Of Enterococcus Faecium Biology EssayEnterococci are widely distributed in the milieu within the human body, they are normal commensals of the oral examination cavity, gastro enteral tract and vagina. Enterococcus faecium is a gram-positive bacterium group D, alpha hemolitic or nonhemolitic in the genus Enterococcus (Chingwaru W., 2003). It flock be a commensal (non-harmful coexisting organism), in the human intestine, but it may also be a pathogen causing diseases like neonatal meningitis.Ordinary lactobacillus medium including MRS medium, Luria-Bertani (LB) medium, high-sterilized stored at 4 refrigerator spare. In the sterile console, the yogurt containing lactic acid bacteria was diluted with sterile saline to a serial dilution (10-3,10-4,10-5) of 50l suspension and coated them on the plate containing MRS choice medium and marked. The plate was placed at 37 warm box without oxygen for 36 48 hours. Single colony was picked and repeatedly crossed to obtain the pure turns.Bacterial identification methods include the common (tradition) classified identification, numerical value identification and automation identificationThe common (tradition) classified identification needed to detect many items. It is so tedious. But numerical value identification is according to the identification target. It uses the test card. The result is expressed by the way of figure and compared with the data of database to get an identification result. Automation identification shadower reach whole procedure automation in the step of inoculation, cultivation, meter reading and sketch. It kindle supply a powerful instrument in rapid clinical microorganism diagnosis. No matter what kind of identification methods, it all necessitate to identify bacteria according to the morphology, physiological characteristics and biochemical characteristics.Enterococcus faecium is a kind of oval cell. Its diameter is 0.5 1.0 m. It sack up show a short-cha in arrangement frequently in pairs or in liquid medium. It has slight movement. In the blood plate it burn down form a milky white plate or white, marginal integrity, central protuberance, large and smooth colony. Its diameter is 1-2mm, and has rare colors, more or lessly around the colonies without hemolysis. After the Gram stain, bacteria shows purple. It is Gram-positive coccobacteria. The chemistry character of Enterococcus faecium is contact-negative, and it can rear in 6.5% broth, bile Esculin agar plate and 0.1methylene bue. It also can grow in 10 or 45, pH 9.6 broth medium, and can tolerate 65 30min condition. It can ferment lactose, sorbitol and mannitol and can use arginine, but cant use ferment arabinose.2.3.2 Biochemical identificationIdentification by lactic acid bacteria and biochemical identification tests, respectively taking the exercise-induced, contiguity enzyme, anaerobic outgrowth, l0 and 45, 60 30 min, 6.5NaCl salt-tolerant growth, pH 9.6 alkaline environme nt growth, methyl red, benzopyr employment, sugar alcohol acid fermentation (glucose, galactose, maltose, lactose, raffinose, manicol and so on). Comparing the experiment result with Bergers Manual of Determinative Bacteriology (the ninth edition) to determine comprehensively.2.3.3 The growth disregard of Enterococcus faeciumThe growth of bacteria includes increasing volume, quantity and the improvement of metabolic function. Different bacteria have their own different growth pattern. Under the unchanged last conditions, calculate the number of bacteria oriented to time, time as abscissa, the number of bacteria as vertical axis we can get a edit outThe growth curve includes the stagnation period, logarithmic phase, stationary phase and decline phase. The length of each period is different according to the medium composition and stopping point conditions due to bacterias own characteristics. In a comparative study of different bacteria, growth curve can help to choose bacterium w ith the same growth stat and this can make a reliable experiment result. Detect the bacteria-growth curve mainly use two methods, such(prenominal) as turbidity method and operable organism dilution count. Turbidity method is to place the different stage and different concentration bacterial culture to the spectrophotometer, and count the bacteria by turbidity method. We can use the turbidity to move the yield of bacterium and measure total dacterial count (including the dead bacterium). It is simple, facility comparing with the turbidity method. But it only can indicate the bacterial relative growth information. Viable organism dilution method of counting is to dilute the bacterial liquid to different dilution of 10-110-2 and so on. E very(prenominal) dilution can be cultured in the plate and colony is counted with colony events-per-unit-time meter. The total quantity of viable organism by using this method can represent the true growth information of bacterium.3 Application of E nterococcus faecium3.1 Supplementation of dood with enterococcus faecium (SF68) stimulates immune functionsThe intestinal microflora act upon a crucial role in multitude falsification as demonstrated by their ability to modulate both innate and acquired electrical resistance at the local as well as systemic levels. collect to these immunological properties, specific transmission lines of lactic acid bacteria (LAB),3 defined as probiotics, have raised considerable interest in recent years. When ingested as a feed supplement in sufficient numbers, probiotics are live microorganisms that safely affect the gastrointestinal balance, going far beyond the conventional nutritional military group. The mechanisms key the immune modulating properties of probiotics are not fully understood. However, they may be due indirectly to the ability of probiotics to balance the intestinal microflora and/or be a termination of a direct adjuvant effect on the harvest-homeion of immune factors, such as cytokines. In fact, several strains of LAB were shown to enhance nonspecific immunity in vitro as well as in vivo, including the release of tumor necrosis factor- and interleukin 6 (4), increased phagocytosis in mice and humans (Perdigon, G. et al, 1988) (Schiffrin, E. J. et al, 1995) and stimulated natural slayer cell activity (Matsuzaki, T., 1998, aller, D. et al, 2000). Their ability to specifically modulate the hosts immune responses to pathogens was also demonstrated (Meydani, S. N. Ha, W. K. , 2000). An increase in rotavirus-specific antibodies was detected in children with acute rotavirus diarrhea who stock Lactobacillus rhamnosus (Kaila, M. et al, 1992). Moreover, it was shown that administration of L. johnsonii to human volunteers boosted the specific immunoglobulin IgA response to the Salmonella typhi vaccine Ty21a (Link-Amster, H. et al, 1994).3.2 Application in treatmentEnterococcus fececium can ferment a variety of sugar, and product acid. It has high chemical patience, and is widely distributed in nature, but also human and animal gut microbial. It has highly detected in animal feces (Archimbaud, C. et al., 2003). Ultilizing non-toxic, facultative anaerobic Enterococcus, in conjunction with opposite animal probiotics (Animal Microecologicai Agent, AMEA) can prevent and treat many digestive tract diseases of animals by replaceing antibiotics. enteral flora can be regarded as a normal human body organs, these normal floras directly gnarly in the activities of the host metabolism is normal physiological activities of the host indispensable component (Baldassarri, L. et al., 2001). Endogenous Enterococcus as one of the normal floras of the human body, mainly the Ministry of resolution in the ileum and colon, and some strains may be directly involved in the metabolism of the host material. Enterococcus lactic acid feces as intestinal flora, with a bio-barrier function, from healthy people or animals that have separate physiological funct ions of bacteria to re-giving taking it right people are harmless and safe, but such micro-organisms in the body and settled and reproduction Ecology is a very complex issue. Made viable by the agent is likely to play a biological activity within a certain range, or factor of participation in host metabolic activity, resulting in a certain physiological role and therefore have the disease, adjusting the significance of the ecological balance (Chow, J. W. et al., 1993).Intestinal flora can be regarded as normal human body organs. These normal floras directly involved in the activities of the host metabolism, and are normal physiological activities of the host indispensable component. Endogenous Enterococcus as one of the normal floras in human body, mainly permanent plant in the ileum and colon, and some strains may be directly involved in the metabolism of the host material. Enterococcus faecium as intestinal flora, has a bio-barrier function. Enterococcus faecium separated from he althy people or animals also have physiological functions Re-giving to people is harmless and safe, but plant and reproduction in the body is a very complex ecology issue. Viable organism praeparatum is likely to play a biological activity within a certain range, or part of participation in host metabolic activity. It products a certain physiological role and therefore can be used in the disease provention, treatment and the ecological balance adjustment.Currently, the cover of enterococci is mainly in Enterococcus faecium. The earliest representative of the use of Enterococcus faecium is out of Japan. It was first developed for the treatment of various intestinal diseases. Yogurt products on the market are containing Enterococcus faecium in Japan or pharmaceutical drugs, such as Lascpan, Lacton, Ruosu, Lebenin, Biosmin. Mummy Love that product in South Korea contains 108 / g feces enterococci and it can treat gastro-intestinal diseases in infants probiotic preparations (Coque, T. M. et al., 1995).3.3 Safety of Enterococcus faeciumEndogenous intestinal bacteria, especially the colonization of lactic acid bacteria in the gut healthy people, the people are safe, because a large number of endogenous enterococci colonization in the human intestinal tract under the bit, which may affect the host intestinal digestion and absorption, and other function. It has been reported (Dicuonzo, G. et al., 2001) that yogurt containing Enterococcus faecium can prevent diarrhea. By double-blind test, the relative incidence of antibiotic group was 27.2%, while taking the probiotic group was only 3.7%. So it is not only proved to be effective, but did not hear any side effects. In 1989 Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the American Association of Feed Public (AAFCO) has also introduced the safety 42 probiotic bacteria, including Enterococcus faecium.3.4 Oral application of Enterococcus faecium strain EE3Probiotic administration is being used increasingly in human and veter inary medicine. A variety of microorganisms, especially lactic acid bacteria (LAB), such as lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, and enterococci nonpathogenic LAB are associated with a wide variety of sources, such as plant material and various provenders. Based on the definition of probiotics, equal numbers of viable organisms must reach the intestinal tract to have a beneficial effect. For this to happen, probiotic organisms must be able to survive transit through and through the acidic environment of the stomach and persist in the presence of bile. They have to multiply at the site of destination in the intestine. In addition, they must be able to produce the antagonistic metabolites against dominating saprophytic microflora resulting in competitive growth. Antimicrobial activity of LAB is due to the production of organic acids (lactic and acetic acids in particular), carbon dioxide, ethanol, hydrogen peroxide, biacetyl and bacteriocins. These abilities are ofen found among lactobacil li and enterococci, which are most frequently used as animal feed supplements or directly as probiotic preparations. Among enterococci, only the species of Enterococcus faecium of hunman origin was used as a commercial probiotic. E.faecium used as probiotics efficiently protect animals from diseases caused by E.coli, salmonellae or clostridia it is also reported (Eaton, T. J. Gasson, M. J., 2001) that the best preventive effectivity of E.faecim from commercial probiotic preparation Vitacanis against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in the gastrointestinal tract of gnotobiotic mice.E.faecium EE3 train was able to survive transit through the canine intestinal tract, trail to enrichment of the colonic microflora and local and systematic effects. This strain also persisted in the digestive tract for almost 3 months after cessation of its administration. The new canine probiotic strain of Lactobacillus fermentum AD1 persisted in the feces of dogs even for 5 months after cessati on, however, it reached a lower final concentration (103105 CFU/g) than the EE3 strain (105108 CFU/g). On the other hand, the well-known probiotic strain Lactobacillus fermentum GG survived in the healthy dogs only 8d after cessation of its administration. From the clinical point of view, persistence during administration should be less important than colonization. However, the potential probiotic microorganism should be able to colonize the digestive tract at least temporarily. Decrease of total enterococci can be explained probably by competitive interactions of the EE3 strain with other enterococci. Although enterococci normally producted lactic acid, its higher measures (as the other enterococci) could be achieved by the concentration of inoculated EE3 strain in addition, differences in lactic acid production were found among enterococci uninvolved from different sources. Local effects of the EE3 strain application included an increase of LAB and a significant decrease of Pseu dominas-like bacteria and staphylococci with prolonged effect up to the end of the experiment It is reported that a significant increase in fecal LAB during administration of food supplemented with probiotic strain L.acidophilus DSM 13241. However, the action of the probiotic, in terms of its effect towards the number of lactobacilli, was lost after cessation of food supplemented with the same probiotic strain (L.acidophilus DSM 13241.). E.faecium EE3 strain survived the transit through the digestive tract of dogs. Our results suggested that bacteria and staphylococci. Moreover, the levels of total lipids, proteins and cholesterin in blood of healthy dogs were also influenced to reach physiological limits.3.5 Application of Enterococcus faecium strain M-74The value of managing atherosclerosis guess factors has been confirmed in the past few decades. Hypercholesterolemia, hypertension and smoking are still considered to be the classical risk factors. Intervention trials have general ly shown that lowering risk factors reduces the ulterior rate of cornonary heart disease, stroke, and other cardiovascular diseases. The Framingham Study was the major study, which verified that cholesterol increases the risk of developing heart disease. Data output was clear the risk of clinically apparent coronary heart disease is a continuous nonlinear function of blood cholesterol levels. Each increase in the blood serum cholesterol concentration by 1% results in 23% increase in the risk of CHD. The discovery that hypercholesterolemia plays a major role in the formation and development of atherosclerosis has led to a number of pharmacological and non-pharmacological (including dietary) approaches resulted in its elimination. Fact that the serum cholesterol concentration is influenced by food has been known for a long time ago. Later, the first evidence of affecting cholesterol level by influencing intestinal microflora was found. One way to do this is by using probiotics. Up t o now, the question of supposed hypocholesterolemic effect of probiotics has not been definitely established. While some studies documented it well, others bring contradictary findings or even doubt it. another(prenominal) unresolved issue is an existing previously mentioned effect from the long term point of view. In available sources, we have not found any report where probiotics were administrated for one year. Some experimental and clinical studies have documented the hypocholesterolemic effect of rpobiotic cultures. Not all of the probiotics seem to have the same properties and same effect on serum cholesterol levels. The aim of our study was to investigate the impact of long-term orally administered probiotic strain Enterococcus faecium M-74 enriched with selenium on lipid profile (total cholesterol, LDH, HDL and triglycerides) in humans.Originally, the term probiotics was used for a phenomenon, when each of both together cultivated organisms had produced substances stimulatin g the growth of the another one. The meaning of the term probiotic has been evolving since. Many definitions have been suggested. The most commonly used, scientifically valid and therefore acceptable one is that postulated by Fuller. According to him, probiotics are living microorganisms that favourably influence the heath of the host by improving composition of its intestinal microflora. The FAO (Food and Agriculture Organisation for the United Nations) and WHO (World Health Organisation) refer to probiotics as living microorganisms which when ingested in sufficient amount, beneficially influence the health of the host. Before a certain bacterial strain can be classified probioticm it must meet some criteria. The most important one is its beneficial health effect. The knowledge of probiotic intervention in lipid metabolism is not new. In the 1970s, researchers observed hypocholesterolemic effect of yoghurt eaten daily in large amount in humans. Similar observations have been seen i n animal studies. Many trials aimed to proving the hypocholesterolemic effect of milk and fermented milk products come from early observation. It is found that a low incidence of clinical coronary heart disease in some African tribes with low cholesterol levels in spite of their diet rich in alter fats, meat and cholesterol but abundant in milk and fermented milk products along. In some studies it is observed that a gradual decrease of serum cholesterol concentration in subjects receiving capsules with Enterococcus faecium M-74 from baseline up to week 23 when the decrease exceeded significant level (P